/* ==========================================================================
   Abolfazl Sajadi — CV site, variant v4
   Theme: "Dark silicon — signal path, hardened"
   Foundation = v1 (dark silicon signal path: near-black blue, graphite
   panels, one mint accent used like an active net, Manhattan routing,
   square-wave motifs) with hardware-security layers on top: slowly
   flipping binary streams, decorative digest signatures, an AES S-box
   fragment, and a CPA power-trace divider. Amber is reserved for the
   PROACT floorplan peripherals (the RTL he designed).

   The sheet is shared by index.html and the thesis-*.html subpages:
     1. tokens          — design tokens (dark base + light overrides)
     2. base            — reset, typography, utilities
     3. chrome          — header/nav, footer, section heads (generic)
     4. components      — buttons, cards, tags, bullets, badges (generic)
     5. decor           — hero circuit, binary streams, s-box, CPA divider
     6. page sections   — hero, about, timing, experience, proact, projects,
                          publications, theses, education, honors, certs,
                          skills, teaching, contact (index-specific)
     7. reveal / reduced motion / print
   ========================================================================== */

/* ==========================================================================
   1. TOKENS — dark is the base design
   ========================================================================== */
:root {
  color-scheme: dark;
  --bg:          #0a0f16;
  --bg-2:        #0e1520;   /* panels / cards */
  --bg-3:        #131c29;   /* raised / chips */
  --flag-bg:     #0c1219;   /* flagship-section band */
  --line:        #223144;   /* hairlines, card borders */
  --trace:       #24384d;   /* dim metal routing */
  --gate:        #3e576f;   /* gate symbol strokes */
  --text:        #dbe6ef;
  --muted:       #92a5b5;
  --accent:      #3ce8a8;   /* the one live net */
  --accent-ink:  #04120b;   /* text on accent */
  --accent-soft: rgba(60, 232, 168, 0.10);
  --glow:        rgba(60, 232, 168, 0.55);
  --amber:       #e8b23c;   /* PROACT peripheral layer only */
  --amber-soft:  rgba(232, 178, 60, 0.14);
  --amber-h:     rgba(232, 178, 60, 0.5);
  --fp-core:     #557a9c;   /* floorplan: cores */
  --fp-core-h:   rgba(85, 122, 156, 0.42);
  --fp-crypto:   #7d93a9;   /* floorplan: crypto co-processors */
  --fp-crypto-h: rgba(125, 147, 169, 0.34);
  --deco:        rgba(146, 173, 196, 0.16); /* binary streams, s-box */
  --head-bg:     rgba(10, 15, 22, 0.82);
  --shadow:      0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
  --wave-img: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='46' height='9'%3E%3Cpath d='M0 7.5 H10 V1.5 H27 V7.5 H46' fill='none' stroke='%233ce8a8' stroke-width='1.6'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  --sans: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
  --mono: ui-monospace, "SFMono-Regular", "Cascadia Mono", Menlo, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;
}

/* Light theme — manual override */
:root[data-theme="light"] {
  color-scheme: light;
  --bg:          #f4f7f9;
  --bg-2:        #ffffff;
  --bg-3:        #e9eff3;
  --flag-bg:     #eef3f6;
  --line:        #d3dde4;
  --trace:       #c3cfd9;
  --gate:        #8fa3b2;
  --text:        #16222d;
  --muted:       #4d6070;
  --accent:      #077453;
  --accent-ink:  #ffffff;
  --accent-soft: rgba(7, 116, 83, 0.09);
  --glow:        rgba(7, 116, 83, 0.35);
  --amber:       #8a5b00;
  --amber-soft:  rgba(138, 91, 0, 0.10);
  --amber-h:     rgba(138, 91, 0, 0.42);
  --fp-core:     #46688a;
  --fp-core-h:   rgba(70, 104, 138, 0.36);
  --fp-crypto:   #6a8199;
  --fp-crypto-h: rgba(106, 129, 153, 0.30);
  --deco:        rgba(23, 42, 58, 0.10);
  --tm-fill:     rgba(7, 116, 83, 0.16);
  --tm-stroke:   #6c8296;
  --head-bg:     rgba(244, 247, 249, 0.85);
  --shadow:      0 10px 30px rgba(23, 42, 58, 0.10);
  --wave-img: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='46' height='9'%3E%3Cpath d='M0 7.5 H10 V1.5 H27 V7.5 H46' fill='none' stroke='%23077453' stroke-width='1.6'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
}

/* Light theme — OS preference, unless user forced dark */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
  :root:not([data-theme="dark"]) {
    color-scheme: light;
    --bg:          #f4f7f9;
    --bg-2:        #ffffff;
    --bg-3:        #e9eff3;
    --flag-bg:     #eef3f6;
    --line:        #d3dde4;
    --trace:       #c3cfd9;
    --gate:        #8fa3b2;
    --text:        #16222d;
    --muted:       #4d6070;
    --accent:      #077453;
    --accent-ink:  #ffffff;
    --accent-soft: rgba(7, 116, 83, 0.09);
    --glow:        rgba(7, 116, 83, 0.35);
    --amber:       #8a5b00;
    --amber-soft:  rgba(138, 91, 0, 0.10);
    --amber-h:     rgba(138, 91, 0, 0.42);
    --fp-core:     #46688a;
    --fp-core-h:   rgba(70, 104, 138, 0.36);
    --fp-crypto:   #6a8199;
    --fp-crypto-h: rgba(106, 129, 153, 0.30);
    --deco:        rgba(23, 42, 58, 0.10);
    --tm-fill:     rgba(7, 116, 83, 0.16);
    --tm-stroke:   #6c8296;
    --head-bg:     rgba(244, 247, 249, 0.85);
    --shadow:      0 10px 30px rgba(23, 42, 58, 0.10);
    --wave-img: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='46' height='9'%3E%3Cpath d='M0 7.5 H10 V1.5 H27 V7.5 H46' fill='none' stroke='%23077453' stroke-width='1.6'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  }
}

/* ==========================================================================
   2. BASE — reset, typography, utilities
   ========================================================================== */
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }

html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }
}

body {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--text);
  background: var(--bg);
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }

h1, h2, h3 { line-height: 1.2; margin: 0 0 0.5em; letter-spacing: -0.01em; }
p { margin: 0 0 1em; }
p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }

a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
a:hover { text-decoration-thickness: 2px; }

:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 3px;
  border-radius: 2px;
}

::selection { background: var(--accent); color: var(--accent-ink); }

.mono {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

.container {
  width: min(1120px, 100% - 3rem);
  margin-inline: auto;
}

.visually-hidden {
  position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px;
  margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0;
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0); clip-path: inset(50%);
  overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap;
}

.skip-link {
  position: absolute;
  left: 1rem; top: -4rem;
  z-index: 200;
  padding: 0.6rem 1rem;
  background: var(--accent);
  color: var(--accent-ink);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  text-decoration: none;
  border-radius: 4px;
  transition: top 0.2s ease;
}
.skip-link:focus { top: 1rem; }

.svg-defs { position: absolute; }

/* Shared SVG symbol styling (defs referenced across pages) */
.wave-ln { stroke: var(--line); }
.gate-body {
  fill: var(--bg);
  stroke: var(--gate);
  stroke-width: 2;
  stroke-linejoin: round;
}
.gate-arc {
  stroke: var(--gate);
  stroke-width: 2;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  fill: none;
}
.hx { stroke-width: 1; }
.hx-core   { stroke: var(--fp-core-h); }
.hx-crypto { stroke: var(--fp-crypto-h); }
.hx-amber  { stroke: var(--amber-h); }
.cg { stroke: var(--line); opacity: 0.5; }

/* ==========================================================================
   3. CHROME — header / nav (shared by all pages)
   ========================================================================== */
.site-head {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 100;
  background: var(--head-bg);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.nav {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 1.1rem;
  min-height: 3.75rem;
}

.brand {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  color: var(--text);
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
}
.brand-chip { color: var(--accent); flex: none; }
.brand:hover { color: var(--accent); }

.nav-list {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.2rem;
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0 0 0 auto;
  padding: 0;
}
.nav-list a {
  display: block;
  padding: 0.45rem 0.55rem 0.55rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.89rem;
  text-decoration: none;
  border-radius: 4px;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.nav-list a:hover { color: var(--text); }
.nav-list a[aria-current] {
  color: var(--accent);
  background-image: var(--wave-img);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
  background-position: left bottom 2px;
  background-size: 46px 9px;
}

.menu-btn {
  display: none;
  margin-left: auto;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--text);
  padding: 0.4rem 0.5rem;
  border-radius: 6px;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.menu-btn .i-x { display: none; }
.site-head.nav-open .menu-btn .i-x { display: block; }
.site-head.nav-open .menu-btn .i-bars { display: none; }

.theme-btn {
  flex: none;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 2.25rem;
  height: 2.25rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 6px;
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--muted);
  cursor: pointer;
}
.theme-btn:hover { color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }
html:not(.js) .theme-btn { display: none; } /* toggle is JS-driven */
.theme-btn .i-sun { display: none; }
.theme-btn .i-moon { display: block; }
:root[data-theme="light"] .theme-btn .i-sun { display: block; }
:root[data-theme="light"] .theme-btn .i-moon { display: none; }
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
  :root:not([data-theme="dark"]) .theme-btn .i-sun { display: block; }
  :root:not([data-theme="dark"]) .theme-btn .i-moon { display: none; }
}

/* Mobile nav */
@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .menu-btn { display: inline-flex; }
  .nav-list {
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch;
    gap: 0;
    padding: 0.5rem 1.25rem 1rem;
    background: var(--head-bg);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
    backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    display: none;
  }
  .site-head.nav-open .nav-list { display: flex; }
  .nav-list a { padding: 0.65rem 0.5rem; font-size: 1rem; }
  /* JS disabled: keep links reachable as a wrapped row */
  html:not(.js) .menu-btn { display: none; }
  html:not(.js) .nav-list {
    display: flex;
    position: static;
    flex-direction: row;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    padding: 0 0 0.5rem;
    border-bottom: 0;
    background: transparent;
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: none;
    backdrop-filter: none;
  }
  html:not(.js) .nav-list a { white-space: normal; }
  html:not(.js) .nav { flex-wrap: wrap; padding-top: 0.5rem; }
  html:not(.js) .theme-btn { display: none; } /* toggle needs JS anyway */
}

/* ---------- Section heads (shared) ---------- */
.section {
  padding: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 5rem) 0 0;
  scroll-margin-top: 4.5rem;
}
.section:last-of-type { padding-bottom: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 5rem); }

.sec-head {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: auto auto auto 1fr auto;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 2.5rem);
}
.sec-gate {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  width: 3.1rem;
  height: 3.1rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 6px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  color: var(--accent);
  position: relative;
}
.sec-gate::before, .sec-gate::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px;
  border-color: var(--gate);
  border-style: solid;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.sec-gate::before { top: -1px; left: -1px; border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-top-left-radius: 6px; }
.sec-gate::after { bottom: -1px; right: -1px; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; }
.i-stroke {
  stroke: currentColor;
  stroke-width: 1.7;
  fill: none;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-linejoin: round;
}
.sec-title { min-width: 0; }
.sec-eyebrow {
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.2em;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin: 0 0 0.15rem;
}
.sec-head h2 {
  font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 3vw, 1.9rem);
  margin: 0;
}
@media (min-width: 721px) {
  .sec-head h2 { white-space: nowrap; }
}
/* Waveform-viewer separator row: visible signal name + live clock trace.
   The trace idles (static) out of view / without JS / under reduced motion;
   an IntersectionObserver in script.js toggles .live while in the viewport. */
.sec-signal {
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.sec-rule {
  display: block;
  height: 12px;
  min-width: 2rem;
  opacity: 0.5;
}
.sec-wave { display: block; width: 100%; height: 12px; }
.sec-wave use {
  stroke: var(--accent);
  stroke-width: 1.6;
  fill: none;
}
/* Each signal scrolls by exactly one waveform period (--sw-shift) over its own
   cadence (--sw-dur), so distinct signals show visibly different switching. */
html.js .sec-rule.live .sec-wave use {
  animation: sec-wave-run var(--sw-dur, 1.5s) linear infinite;
}
@keyframes sec-wave-run {
  from { transform: translateX(0); }
  to   { transform: translateX(var(--sw-shift, -46px)); }
}
.sig-clk   { --sw-shift: -40px;  --sw-dur: 1.1s; }
.sig-en    { --sw-shift: -224px; --sw-dur: 4.2s; }
.sig-rstn  { --sw-shift: -344px; --sw-dur: 6s;   }
.sig-req   { --sw-shift: -186px; --sw-dur: 3s;   }
.sig-ack   { --sw-shift: -188px; --sw-dur: 3.3s; }
.sig-data  { --sw-shift: -138px; --sw-dur: 1.7s; }
.sig-valid { --sw-shift: -240px; --sw-dur: 3.4s; }
.sig-addr  { --sw-shift: -122px; --sw-dur: 2.1s; }
.sig-ready { --sw-shift: -180px; --sw-dur: 3.6s; }
.sig-csn   { --sw-shift: -276px; --sw-dur: 4.4s; }
.sig-wren  { --sw-shift: -144px; --sw-dur: 2.3s; }
.sig-irq   { --sw-shift: -210px; --sw-dur: 5s;   }
.sig-done  { --sw-shift: -244px; --sw-dur: 4s;   }
.sec-sig {
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  color: var(--muted);
  white-space: nowrap;
}
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .sec-sig { display: none; }
  .sec-head { grid-template-columns: auto auto auto 1fr; }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .sec-head { gap: 0.7rem; }
  .sec-signal { font-size: 0.66rem; }
}

.sub-label {
  color: var(--accent);
  font-size: 0.83rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin: 1.4rem 0 0.5rem;
}

/* ---------- Footer (shared) ---------- */
.site-foot {
  margin-top: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 5rem);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding: 1.4rem 0 1.75rem;
}
.foot-wave {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  opacity: 0.5;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.foot-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
}
.foot-row p { margin: 0; font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--muted); }
.foot-domain { color: var(--accent); opacity: 0.85; }
.foot-links {
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
.foot-links a {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 2.1rem;
  height: 2.1rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 6px;
}
.foot-links a:hover { color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }

/* ==========================================================================
   4. COMPONENTS — buttons, cards, tags, bullets, badges (shared)
   ========================================================================== */
.btn {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  padding: 0.65rem 1.15rem;
  border-radius: 6px;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  transition: transform 0.15s ease, box-shadow 0.15s ease, background-color 0.15s ease, color 0.15s ease, border-color 0.15s ease;
}
.btn:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); }
.btn-primary {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: var(--accent-ink);
}
.btn-primary:hover { box-shadow: 0 4px 18px var(--glow); }
.btn-ghost {
  border-color: var(--line);
  color: var(--text);
  background: transparent;
}
.btn-ghost:hover { border-color: var(--accent); color: var(--accent); }

/* IP-block card with corner brackets */
.card {
  position: relative;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 1.35rem 1.4rem 1.4rem;
  transition: border-color 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}
.card::before, .card::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  width: 14px;
  height: 14px;
  border-color: var(--gate);
  border-style: solid;
  transition: border-color 0.2s ease;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.card::before { top: -1px; left: -1px; border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-top-left-radius: 8px; }
.card::after { bottom: -1px; right: -1px; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 8px; }
.card:hover {
  border-color: var(--accent);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}
.card:hover::before, .card:hover::after { border-color: var(--accent); }

.card-tag {
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 0.7rem;
}
.card h3 { font-size: 1.08rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
.card p:not(.card-tag) { color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.95rem; }
.card-link-row {
  margin-top: 0.8rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.35rem 1.3rem;
}
.card-link-row a {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.4rem;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.card-link-row a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.card-img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 6px;
  background: var(--bg-3);
}

.cards-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
}

.tags {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.5rem;
}
.tags li {
  padding: 0.28rem 0.7rem;
  background: var(--bg-3);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--text);
}

.bullets {
  margin: 0;
  padding-left: 1.2rem;
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.bullets li::marker { color: var(--accent); content: "▸  "; }
.bullets strong, .bullets em { color: var(--text); }
.bullets a { color: var(--accent); }

.fig-caption {
  margin-top: 0.85rem;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--muted);
}

/* ==========================================================================
   5. DECOR — security layers (all aria-hidden, reduced-motion safe)
   ========================================================================== */

/* --- slowly flipping binary streams (columns populated by JS) --- */
.binstream { position: absolute; inset: 0; overflow: hidden; pointer-events: none; }
.bin-col {
  position: absolute;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  line-height: 1.75;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  color: var(--deco);
  white-space: pre;
  user-select: none;
}
.bc1 { left: 2.2%; top: -4%; }
.bc2 { left: 5.8%; top: 10%; }
.bc3 { right: 5.8%; top: -8%; }
.bc4 { right: 2.2%; top: 6%; }
@media (max-width: 1180px) { .bc2, .bc3 { display: none; } }
@media (max-width: 760px) { .binstream { display: none; } }

/* --- AES S-box fragment (first 64 bytes), pure decoration --- */
.sbox {
  position: absolute;
  right: 3%;
  bottom: 5%;
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  line-height: 2;
  letter-spacing: 0.22em;
  color: var(--deco);
  user-select: none;
  pointer-events: none;
}
@media (max-width: 1180px) { .sbox { display: none; } }

/* --- CPA power-trace divider --- */
.cpa-divider {
  margin-top: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 5rem);
  pointer-events: none;
}
.cpa-divider .container { position: relative; }
.cpa-divider svg { display: block; width: 100%; height: 90px; }
.cpa-trace {
  fill: none;
  stroke: var(--trace);
  stroke-width: 1.4;
  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
}
.cpa-peak {
  fill: none;
  stroke: var(--accent);
  stroke-width: 1.8;
  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 4px var(--glow));
}
.cpa-peak-line {
  stroke: var(--accent);
  stroke-width: 1;
  stroke-dasharray: 3 4;
  opacity: 0.55;
  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
}
/* HTML overlay label — never squashed by the SVG's preserveAspectRatio="none" */
.cpa-label {
  position: absolute;
  left: 66.5%;
  top: 2px;
  font-size: 10px;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--accent);
  opacity: 0.85;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.cpa-sweep {
  fill: var(--accent);
  opacity: 0.14;
  animation: cpa-sweep 16s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes cpa-sweep {
  from { transform: translateX(0); }
  to   { transform: translateX(1198px); }
}
.cpa-quiet { opacity: 0.55; }

/* --- decorative digest signature in section heads: .sec-sig (above) --- */

/* ==========================================================================
   6. PAGE SECTIONS
   ========================================================================== */

/* ---------- Hero ---------- */
.hero {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  /* faint standard-cell grid */
  background-image:
    linear-gradient(var(--line) 1px, transparent 1px),
    linear-gradient(90deg, var(--line) 1px, transparent 1px);
  background-size: 56px 56px;
}
.hero::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background:
    radial-gradient(1000px 520px at 28% 30%, transparent 0%, var(--bg) 78%),
    radial-gradient(900px 600px at 85% 70%, transparent 0%, var(--bg) 82%);
  pointer-events: none;
}

.hero-bg {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  pointer-events: none;
  /* hero-scoped, higher-contrast line-art colours (~1.6x the ambient
     --trace/--gate) so the schematic reads as deliberate artwork; the
     mask (.hero::before) still fades it under the text and portrait. */
  --htrace: #3a5674;
  --hgate:  #5f7c99;
  --hlbl:   #7f9ab1;
}
:root[data-theme="light"] .hero-bg {
  --htrace: #9fb0bf;
  --hgate:  #6d8496;
  --hlbl:   #5c7386;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
  :root:not([data-theme="dark"]) .hero-bg {
    --htrace: #9fb0bf;
    --hgate:  #6d8496;
    --hlbl:   #5c7386;
  }
}
/* generic: fills the hero-bg (index desktop schematic + thesis page-hero svgs) */
.hero-bg > svg { width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; }
.hero-bg > svg.hero-sch-mob { display: none; } /* hidden on desktop */
/* mobile: two horizontal strips framing the content, shown in full (meet) at a
   fixed height so gates are never clipped; switches in when the hero stacks. */
@media (max-width: 880px) {
  .hero-bg > svg.hero-sch-desk { display: none; }
  .hero-bg > svg.hero-sch-mob {
    display: block;
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: clamp(150px, 42vw, 230px);
  }
  .hero-sch-mob-top { top: 0; }
  .hero-sch-mob-bot { bottom: 0; }
}

.trace {
  fill: none;
  stroke: var(--trace);
  stroke-width: 2;
  stroke-linejoin: miter;
}
.via {
  fill: var(--bg);
  stroke: var(--trace);
  stroke-width: 2;
}
/* hero schematic: stronger, deliberate line-art */
.hero-bg .trace { stroke: var(--htrace); stroke-width: 1.9; }
.hero-bg .via   { stroke: var(--htrace); stroke-width: 1.9; }
.hero-bg .jdot  { fill: var(--hgate); stroke: none; }
.hero-bg .gate-body { stroke: var(--hgate); }
.hero-bg .gate-arc  { stroke: var(--hgate); }
/* tiny mono net labels on the hero schematic (aria-hidden via parent) */
.net-lbl {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 12px;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  fill: var(--gate);
  opacity: 0.6;
}
.hero-bg .net-lbl { fill: var(--hlbl); opacity: 0.8; }
.pulse {
  fill: none;
  stroke: var(--accent);
  stroke-width: 2.25;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-dasharray: 4.5 95.5;
  stroke-dashoffset: 100;
  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 5px var(--glow));
  animation: signal 9s linear infinite;
}
/* fast, staggered travelling pulses (~3-6s) so several signals are always in
   motion; negative delays spread them out along the nets */
.pulse.p1  { animation-duration: 5s;   animation-delay: 0s; }
.pulse.p2  { animation-duration: 4.2s; animation-delay: -2.4s; }
.pulse.p3  { animation-duration: 5.5s; animation-delay: -1s; }
.pulse.p4  { animation-duration: 4.6s; animation-delay: -3.2s; }
.pulse.p5  { animation-duration: 4s;   animation-delay: -0.6s; }
.pulse.p6  { animation-duration: 5s;   animation-delay: -1.8s; }
.pulse.p7  { animation-duration: 3.6s; animation-delay: -3.4s; }
.pulse.p8  { animation-duration: 3.4s; animation-delay: -1.1s; }
.pulse.p9  { animation-duration: 6s;   animation-delay: -2s; }
.pulse.p10 { animation-duration: 5.2s; animation-delay: -4.3s; }
.pulse.p11 { animation-duration: 5.8s; animation-delay: -3.6s; }

@keyframes signal {
  from { stroke-dashoffset: 100; }
  to   { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
}

.hero-grid {
  position: relative;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.5fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 3.5rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: clamp(3.5rem, 8vw, 6.5rem) 0;
}

.eyebrow {
  color: var(--accent);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.hero h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.3rem, 5.5vw, 3.6rem);
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
}

.role {
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 2.2vw, 1.3rem);
  font-weight: 550;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.status-chip {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  padding: 0.32rem 0.75rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 4px;
  background: var(--accent-soft);
  color: var(--accent);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}
.chip-dot {
  width: 7px;
  height: 7px;
  background: var(--accent);
  box-shadow: 0 0 7px var(--glow);
  animation: chip-blink 2.6s ease-in-out infinite;
}
@keyframes chip-blink {
  0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
  50% { opacity: 0.3; }
}

.tagline {
  max-width: 56ch;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1.75rem;
}

.hero-actions {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.75rem;
}

.contact-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.4rem 1.4rem;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.contact-row li {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.45rem;
  min-width: 0;
}
.contact-row svg { color: var(--accent); flex: none; }
.contact-row a { color: var(--muted); text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.contact-row a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }

/* Portrait framed like a die on a floorplan */
.hero-portrait {
  position: relative;
  margin: 0;
  justify-self: center;
  width: min(340px, 80vw);
}
.hero-portrait img {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
  object-fit: cover;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  filter: saturate(0.92);
}
.hero-portrait::before {
  /* pad-ring */
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: -14px;
  border: 1px dashed var(--trace);
  pointer-events: none;
}
.corner {
  position: absolute;
  width: 22px;
  height: 22px;
  border: 2px solid var(--accent);
  pointer-events: none;
}
.c-tl { top: -14px; left: -14px; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; }
.c-tr { top: -14px; right: -14px; border-left: 0; border-bottom: 0; }
.c-bl { bottom: -14px; left: -14px; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; }
.c-br { bottom: -14px; right: -14px; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; }
.hero-portrait figcaption {
  margin-top: 1.4rem;
  text-align: center;
}
.portrait-cap {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.15rem;
}
.cap-name {
  font-size: 0.98rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--text);
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
}
.cap-org {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
}

@media (max-width: 880px) {
  .hero-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 2.75rem;
    /* reserve room below the copy so the bottom schematic strip (pinned to the
       hero bottom) sits in the lower margin, clear of the contact links */
    padding-top: clamp(2.5rem, 7vw, 3.5rem);
    padding-bottom: clamp(172px, 46vw, 248px);
  }
  .hero-portrait { grid-row: 1; width: min(240px, 62vw); }
  .hero-copy { text-align: left; }
}

/* ---------- About ---------- */
.about-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.6fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 2rem;
  align-items: start;
}
.about-text { font-size: 1.02rem; }
.about-text p { margin-bottom: 1.1em; }

@media (max-width: 880px) {
  .about-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

.interests-card .tags { margin-top: 0.25rem; }

/* ---------- Career & education timing diagram ---------- */
.timing-figure {
  margin: 0;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  padding: 1.3rem 1.3rem 1rem;
}
.timing-scroll { overflow-x: auto; }
.timing {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  min-width: 860px;
  height: auto;
}
.tm-grid path { stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: 2 7; opacity: 0.5; fill: none; }
.tm-lane {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 12px;
  letter-spacing: 0.22em;
  fill: var(--accent);
  font-weight: 600;
}
.tm-label { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0.07em; fill: var(--text); }
.tm-date { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0.05em; fill: var(--accent); }
.tm-wave { stroke: var(--tm-stroke, var(--gate)); stroke-width: 2; fill: none; }
.tm-dash { stroke: var(--accent); stroke-dasharray: 5 6; }
.tm-fill { fill: var(--tm-fill, var(--accent-soft)); }
.tm-edge { fill: var(--accent); }
.tm-div { stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1.4; stroke-dasharray: 8 6; fill: none; }
.tm-axis path { stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1.4; fill: none; }
.tm-year text { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 11px; fill: var(--muted); text-anchor: middle; }

.scroll-hint { display: none; }
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .scroll-hint { display: inline; color: var(--accent); }
}

/* ---------- Experience timeline ---------- */
.timeline {
  position: relative;
  padding-left: 1.75rem;
  display: grid;
  gap: 2.5rem;
}
.timeline::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 5px;
  top: 6px;
  bottom: 6px;
  width: 2px;
  background: var(--trace);
}
.tl-item { position: relative; max-width: 62rem; }
.tl-node {
  position: absolute;
  left: calc(-1.75rem + 0.5px);
  top: 5px;
  width: 11px;
  height: 11px;
  background: var(--bg);
  border: 2px solid var(--accent);
  box-shadow: 0 0 8px var(--glow);
}
.tl-date {
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}
.tl-item h3, .edu-item h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.tl-org {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.8rem;
}
.tl-earlier .tl-node { border-color: var(--gate); box-shadow: none; }
.tl-compact { color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.92rem; margin: 0; }

/* ---------- PROACT (flagship band) ---------- */
.section-flag {
  background: var(--flag-bg);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding-bottom: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 5rem);
}

.proact-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.2fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 3rem;
  align-items: start;
}
.lede {
  font-size: 1.08rem;
  color: var(--text);
  max-width: 60ch;
}

.stat-tiles {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(150px, 1fr));
  gap: 0.75rem;
  margin: 1.4rem 0 0.4rem;
}
.stat {
  background: var(--bg-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-top: 2px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 6px;
  padding: 0.6rem 0.8rem 0.65rem;
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.1rem;
}
.stat-v {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text);
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}
.stat-k { font-size: 0.75rem; color: var(--muted); }
.stat-live .stat-v { color: var(--accent); }

.proact-details {
  margin-top: 1.4rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
}
.proact-details summary {
  cursor: pointer;
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 0.8rem 1.1rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  font-size: 0.83rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  border-radius: 8px;
}
.proact-details summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.proact-details summary svg { transition: transform 0.2s ease; flex: none; }
.proact-details[open] summary svg { transform: rotate(180deg); }
.proact-details summary:hover { background: var(--accent-soft); }
.proact-details .bullets { padding: 0.2rem 1.1rem 1.1rem 2.3rem; }

/* Floorplan (adapted from v3; amber = his peripheral RTL) */
.floorplan {
  margin: 0;
  position: sticky;
  top: 5.5rem;
}
.fp { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }
.fp .die { fill: var(--bg-2); stroke: var(--gate); stroke-width: 1.5; }
.fp .seal { fill: none; stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1; }
.fp .pads rect { fill: var(--bg-3); stroke: var(--gate); stroke-width: 1; opacity: 0.85; }
.fp .core { fill: none; stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: 4 4; }
.fp .routes path { fill: none; stroke: var(--trace); stroke-width: 1.4; }
.fp .vias rect { fill: var(--bg-2); stroke: var(--gate); stroke-width: 1; }
.fp .blk .edge { fill: none; transition: stroke-width 0.15s ease; }
.fp .blk-core .edge { stroke: var(--fp-core); stroke-width: 1.6; }
.fp .blk-crypto .edge { stroke: var(--fp-crypto); stroke-width: 1.6; }
.fp .blk-amber .edge { stroke: var(--amber); stroke-width: 1.6; }
.fp .blk-amber .strip { stroke-dasharray: 6 3; stroke-width: 1.3; }
.fp .blk:hover .edge { stroke-width: 2.4; }
.fp .lbl {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  text-anchor: middle;
}
.fp .lbl-core { fill: var(--fp-core); }
.fp .lbl-crypto { fill: var(--fp-crypto); }
.fp .lbl-amber { fill: var(--amber); }
.fp .fsub {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 8px;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  fill: var(--muted);
  text-anchor: middle;
}
.fp .fsub-amber { fill: var(--amber); opacity: 0.85; }
.fp .fp-corner { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.18em; fill: var(--muted); opacity: 0.8; }
.fp .fp-corner-r { text-anchor: end; }
.fp-pulse {
  fill: none;
  stroke: var(--accent);
  stroke-width: 2;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-dasharray: 7 93;
  stroke-dashoffset: 100;
  filter: drop-shadow(0 0 4px var(--glow));
  animation: signal 4.5s linear infinite;
}
.fp-pulse.d2 { animation-delay: -0.9s; }
.fp-pulse.d3 { animation-delay: -1.7s; }
.fp-pulse.d4 { animation-delay: -2.4s; }
.fp-pulse.d5 { animation-delay: -3.1s; }
.floorplan figcaption {
  margin-top: 0.9rem;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.cap-amber { color: var(--amber); font-weight: 600; }
.cap-grey  { color: var(--gate); font-weight: 600; }

/* floorplan colour legend (#17): spells out amber vs grey */
.fp-legend {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0.85rem 0 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0.4rem;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.fp-legend li {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
}
.fp-key {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  width: 0.85rem;
  height: 0.85rem;
  margin-top: 0.15rem;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.fp-key-amber { background: var(--amber); border: 1px solid var(--amber); }
.fp-key-grey  { background: var(--trace); border: 1px solid var(--gate); }

@media (max-width: 940px) {
  .proact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2rem; }
  .floorplan { position: static; max-width: 460px; }
}

/* ---------- Publications (fully clickable cards) ---------- */
.pub-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  counter-reset: pub;
  display: grid;
  gap: 1.1rem;
}
.pub-list > li { counter-increment: pub; }
.pub-card {
  position: relative;
  padding: 1.05rem 2.9rem 1.05rem 4.4rem;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  transition: border-color 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}
.pub-card::before {
  content: "[0" counter(pub) "]";
  position: absolute;
  left: 1.1rem;
  top: 1.15rem;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--accent);
}
.pub-card:not(.pub-static):hover {
  border-color: var(--accent);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}
.pub-card:focus-within {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 3px;
}
/* keyboard-only ring where :has() is available (no flash on mouse click) */
@supports selector(:has(a)) {
  .pub-card:focus-within { outline: none; }
  .pub-card:has(.pub-link:focus-visible) {
    outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
    outline-offset: 3px;
  }
}
/* stretched link: the title anchor covers the whole card */
.pub-link {
  color: var(--text);
  text-decoration: none;
}
.pub-link::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  border-radius: 8px;
}
.pub-link:focus-visible { outline: none; }
/* inner text sits above the stretched-link overlay so it stays selectable */
.pub-meta, .pub-authors, .pub-venue {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
}
.pub-card:not(.pub-static):hover .pub-link { color: var(--accent); }
.pub-meta {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.45rem;
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
}
.pub-badge {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 0.64rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  color: var(--accent);
  border: 1px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 3px;
  padding: 0.05rem 0.45rem;
}
.pub-badge-review {
  color: var(--amber);
  border-color: var(--amber);
}
.pub-year { font-size: 0.72rem; color: var(--muted); }
.pub-title {
  font-size: 1.02rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
  color: var(--text);
}
.pub-authors { font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 0.15rem; }
.pub-authors strong { color: var(--text); }
.pub-venue { font-size: 0.88rem; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }
.doi { font-size: 0.78rem; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.pub-arrow {
  position: absolute;
  top: 1.05rem;
  right: 1.05rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  transition: color 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease;
}
.pub-card:not(.pub-static):hover .pub-arrow {
  color: var(--accent);
  transform: translate(2px, -2px);
}
.pub-static { background: var(--bg); }
.pub-note {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
@media (max-width: 600px) {
  .pub-card { padding-left: 1.15rem; padding-right: 2.4rem; }
  .pub-card::before { position: static; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.3rem; }
}

/* ---------- Theses ---------- */
.theses-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
}
.thesis-card {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  color: var(--text);
  text-decoration: none;
}
.thesis-card h3 { font-size: 1.05rem; }
.thesis-meta {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
}
.thesis-badge {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  color: var(--accent);
  border: 1px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 3px;
  padding: 0.08rem 0.5rem;
}
.thesis-badge-live {
  color: var(--amber);
  border-color: var(--amber);
}
.thesis-year { font-size: 0.72rem; color: var(--muted); }
.thesis-org { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 0.55rem; }
.thesis-sum { font-size: 0.92rem; color: var(--muted); flex: 1; }
.thesis-more {
  margin-top: 0.9rem;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--accent);
}
.thesis-card:hover .thesis-more { text-decoration: underline; }

/* ---------- Education ---------- */
.edu-list {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
}
.edu-item {
  background: var(--bg-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-top: 3px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 1.3rem 1.4rem;
}
.edu-item p { color: var(--muted); font-size: 0.92rem; }
.rank { color: var(--accent); font-weight: 600; }
.edu-link { margin-top: 0.7rem; }
.edu-link a {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.edu-link a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

/* ---------- Honors & awards ---------- */
.honors-grid {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(330px, 1fr));
  gap: 0.8rem;
}
.honor {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 0.9rem;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 6px;
  padding: 0.7rem 1rem;
}
.honor-year {
  flex: none;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--accent-soft);
}
.honor p { margin: 0; font-size: 0.92rem; color: var(--muted); }
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .honors-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}
.langs {
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}
.langs-label {
  color: var(--accent);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  margin-right: 0.8rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
}

/* ---------- Certifications & badges ---------- */
.cert-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(215px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
}
.cert-card {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  text-align: center;
  color: var(--text);
  text-decoration: none;
  padding-top: 1.6rem;
}
.cert-card img {
  width: 108px;
  height: 108px;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.cert-card h3 { font-size: 0.95rem; margin-bottom: 0.3rem; }
.cert-org { font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 0.6rem; }
.cert-verify {
  margin-top: auto;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  color: var(--accent);
}
a.cert-card:hover .cert-verify { text-decoration: underline; }
.cert-local:hover { transform: none; box-shadow: none; border-color: var(--line); }
.cert-local:hover::before, .cert-local:hover::after { border-color: var(--gate); }
.cert-local .cert-verify { color: var(--muted); }
.cert-seal {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  width: 108px;
  height: 108px;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  color: var(--gate);
}
/* downloadable local certificate titles (#5) */
.cert-dl {
  color: var(--text);
  text-decoration: none;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.35rem;
}
.cert-dl:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.cert-dl-ic { flex: none; color: var(--accent); }
.cert-card:has(.cert-dl:hover) { border-color: var(--accent); }
.cert-card:has(.cert-dl:hover)::before,
.cert-card:has(.cert-dl:hover)::after { border-color: var(--accent); }
.cert-local:has(.cert-dl) .cert-verify { color: var(--accent); }

/* ---------- Skills ---------- */
.skills {
  margin: 0;
  display: grid;
  gap: 0;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  overflow: hidden;
}
.skill-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 15rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 1.25rem;
  align-items: start;
  padding: 1rem 1.35rem;
}
.skill-row + .skill-row { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.skill-row dt {
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--accent);
  padding-top: 0.35rem;
}
.skill-row dd { margin: 0; }

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .skill-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 0.6rem; }
  .skill-row dt { padding-top: 0; }
}

/* ---------- Teaching ---------- */
/* .teach-list kept for the thesis pages, which share this stylesheet */
.teach-list { max-width: 62rem; }
/* index accordion */
.teach-accordion { max-width: 62rem; }
.teach-item {
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
}
.teach-item + .teach-item { margin-top: 0.7rem; }
.teach-item summary {
  cursor: pointer;
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 0.85rem 1.15rem;
  border-radius: 8px;
}
.teach-item summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.teach-item summary:hover { background: var(--accent-soft); }
.teach-sum {
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  color: var(--accent);
}
/* [+] / [–] indicator built from two hairlines */
.teach-ind { position: relative; flex: none; width: 14px; height: 14px; }
.teach-ind::before, .teach-ind::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  background: var(--accent);
  transition: transform 0.2s ease, opacity 0.2s ease;
}
.teach-ind::before { top: 6px; left: 0; width: 14px; height: 2px; }
.teach-ind::after { left: 6px; top: 0; width: 2px; height: 14px; }
.teach-item[open] .teach-ind::after { transform: scaleY(0); opacity: 0; }
.teach-sub {
  padding: 0.1rem 1.3rem 1.05rem 2.35rem;
  margin: 0;
}
.teach-item[open] .teach-sub { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: 0.85rem; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  .teach-item[open] .teach-sub { animation: teach-open 0.25s ease; }
}
@keyframes teach-open {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-4px); }
  to   { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
}

/* ---------- Contact ---------- */
.contact-lede {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  max-width: 58ch;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}
/* index "Open to roles" — single centered, balanced line (#3); scoped to #contact
   so the shared .contact-lede (also used on thesis pages) keeps its prose default */
#contact .contact-lede {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  color: var(--muted);
  text-align: center;
  text-wrap: balance;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin: 0 auto 1.75rem;
}
.contact-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(235px, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem;
}
.ccard {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
  grid-template-areas:
    "icon key"
    "icon value";
  column-gap: 0.9rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1rem 1.15rem;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  color: var(--text);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: border-color 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}
.ccard:hover {
  border-color: var(--accent);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}
.cc-ic { grid-area: icon; color: var(--accent); }
.cc-k {
  grid-area: key;
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.cc-v {
  grid-area: value;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}
.ccard-cv { border-color: var(--accent); background: var(--accent-soft); }

/* ==========================================================================
   7. REVEAL / REDUCED MOTION / PRINT
   ========================================================================== */
/* decor animations pause while their block is scrolled out of view
   (.anim-idle toggled by an IntersectionObserver in script.js) */
.anim-idle .pulse,
.anim-idle .fp-pulse,
.anim-idle .cpa-sweep { animation-play-state: paused; }

html.js-anim .reveal {
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(14px);
  transition: opacity 0.55s ease, transform 0.55s ease;
}
html.js-anim .reveal.in {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: none;
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
  .pulse, .fp-pulse { animation: none; opacity: 0; }
  .cpa-sweep { animation: none; opacity: 0; }
  .chip-dot { animation: none; }
}

@media print {
  html.js-anim .reveal {
    opacity: 1 !important;
    transform: none !important;
    transition: none !important;
  }
  :root, :root[data-theme="dark"] {
    --bg: #ffffff;
    --bg-2: #ffffff;
    --bg-3: #f2f2f2;
    --flag-bg: #ffffff;
    --line: #bbbbbb;
    --trace: #cccccc;
    --gate: #999999;
    --text: #000000;
    --muted: #333333;
    --accent: #005a3c;
    --accent-ink: #ffffff;
    --accent-soft: #eeeeee;
    --amber: #7a5200;
    --amber-soft: #f4ecd9;
    --glow: transparent;
    --deco: transparent;
    --shadow: none;
  }
  .site-head, .hero-bg, .btn, .theme-btn, .menu-btn, .skip-link,
  .foot-links, .hero::before, .binstream, .sbox, .cpa-divider,
  .pub-arrow, .thesis-more, .sec-sig, .sec-signal, .sec-rule { display: none !important; }
  .hero { background: none; border: 0; }
  .hero-grid { padding: 0 0 1rem; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .hero-portrait { display: none; }
  .status-chip { border-color: #999; background: none; }
  .chip-dot { display: none; }
  .section { padding-top: 1.5rem; }
  .section-flag { border: 0; padding-bottom: 0; }
  .card, .pub-card, .edu-item, .honor, .skills, .stat, .timing-figure,
  .ccard, .cert-card { break-inside: avoid; box-shadow: none; }
  a { color: #000; text-decoration: none; }
  .pulse, .fp-pulse { display: none; }
  .proact-details { border: 0; }
  .proact-details summary { display: none; }
  .proact-details .bullets { padding: 0 0 0 1.2rem; }
  /* teaching accordion: force every item expanded in print */
  .teach-item { border-color: #bbb; break-inside: avoid; }
  .teach-item > *:not(summary) { display: block !important; }
  .teach-ind { display: none; }
  .teach-sub { animation: none; border-top: 0; }
  .floorplan { position: static; }
  body { font-size: 11pt; }
}

/* ==========================================================================
   --- thesis pages ---  (appended; used only by thesis-*.html subpages.
   Everything above is untouched — these rules only ADD new classes.)
   ========================================================================== */

/* ---------- page hero (compact variant of the index hero) ---------- */
.page-hero {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  background-image:
    linear-gradient(var(--line) 1px, transparent 1px),
    linear-gradient(90deg, var(--line) 1px, transparent 1px);
  background-size: 56px 56px;
}
.page-hero::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background:
    radial-gradient(1100px 480px at 30% 45%, transparent 0%, var(--bg) 80%),
    radial-gradient(800px 420px at 90% 10%, transparent 0%, var(--bg) 85%);
  pointer-events: none;
}
.page-hero-inner {
  position: relative;
  padding: clamp(2.25rem, 5.5vw, 3.75rem) 0 clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 4rem);
}
.page-hero h1 {
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 4.2vw, 2.55rem);
  font-weight: 750;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
  max-width: 26ch;
  margin: 0.35rem 0 0.75rem;
}
.page-sub {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: clamp(0.98rem, 2vw, 1.12rem);
  max-width: 60ch;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* breadcrumb */
.crumbs { margin-bottom: clamp(1.4rem, 4vw, 2.2rem); }
.crumbs ol {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.55rem;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.crumbs li { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.55rem; }
.crumbs li + li::before {
  content: "/";
  color: var(--gate);
}
.crumbs a { color: var(--muted); text-decoration: none; }
.crumbs a:hover { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.crumbs [aria-current="page"] { color: var(--accent); }

/* ongoing-thesis callout (amber = in-progress, matches .thesis-badge-live) */
.note-live {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 0.7rem;
  max-width: 72ch;
  margin: 1.5rem 0 0;
  padding: 0.8rem 1.05rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--amber);
  border-radius: 6px;
  background: var(--amber-soft);
  color: var(--text);
  font-size: 0.92rem;
}
.note-live svg { flex: none; margin-top: 0.2rem; color: var(--amber); }
.note-live p { margin: 0; }
.note-live strong { color: var(--amber); }

/* ---------- datasheet-style fact sheet ---------- */
.spec {
  margin: 1.9rem 0 0;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  overflow: hidden;
  position: relative;
}
.spec::before, .spec::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  width: 14px;
  height: 14px;
  border-color: var(--gate);
  border-style: solid;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.spec::before { top: -1px; left: -1px; border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-top-left-radius: 8px; }
.spec::after { bottom: -1px; right: -1px; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 8px; }
.spec-cap {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0.7rem 1.2rem 0.55rem;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.spec dl { margin: 0; }
.spec-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 11.5rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 0.35rem 1.25rem;
  padding: 0.62rem 1.2rem;
}
.spec-row + .spec-row { border-top: 1px solid var(--line); }
.spec-row dt {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  color: var(--accent);
  padding-top: 0.22rem;
}
.spec-row dd {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: var(--text);
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .spec-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .spec-row dt { padding-top: 0; }
}

/* ---------- thesis body prose ---------- */
.prose { max-width: 72ch; font-size: 1.02rem; }
.prose p { margin-bottom: 1.1em; }
.prose a { overflow-wrap: anywhere; }

/* ---------- B.Sc. video-pipeline diagram ---------- */
.pipe {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 1.9rem 0 0;
  padding: 1.05rem 1.15rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.55rem;
}
.pipe li {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  color: var(--text);
  background: var(--bg-3);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 4px;
  padding: 0.4rem 0.7rem;
}
.pipe li.pipe-io {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-color: var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-soft);
}
.pipe li.pipe-arrow {
  border: 0;
  background: none;
  padding: 0 0.05rem;
  color: var(--gate);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
}
.pipe-cap {
  margin: 0.6rem 0 0;
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--muted);
}

/* ---------- Associate-thesis three-phase sine figure ---------- */
.phase-fig {
  margin: 1.9rem 0 0;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 8px;
  background: var(--bg-2);
  padding: 1.1rem 1.2rem 0.85rem;
}
.phase-fig svg { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; }
.ph {
  fill: none;
  stroke-width: 1.8;
  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
  stroke-linecap: round;
}
.ph-a { stroke: var(--accent); filter: drop-shadow(0 0 4px var(--glow)); }
.ph-b { stroke: var(--amber); }
.ph-c { stroke: var(--fp-core); }
.ph-axis { stroke: var(--line); stroke-width: 1; fill: none; }
.ph-label {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 10px;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  fill: var(--muted);
}

/* ---------- outcomes: non-paper outcome card (e.g. taped-out silicon) ---------- */
.pub-badge-chip {
  color: var(--fp-core);
  border-color: var(--fp-core);
}

/* ---------- "other theses" nav at the bottom of each page ---------- */
.more-theses {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.1rem;
}
.more-theses .thesis-card h3 { font-size: 0.98rem; margin-bottom: 0.3rem; }
.back-row { margin-top: 2rem; }

/* thesis pages in print: drop nav decoration, keep facts */
@media print {
  .crumbs, .page-hero .hero-bg, .more-theses, .back-row { display: none !important; }
  .page-hero { background: none; border: 0; }
  .spec, .pipe, .phase-fig, .note-live { break-inside: avoid; }
}